Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0 for details.
The Affordable Care Act (ACA), signed into law by President Obama in March 2010, provides for comprehensive health reform in the United States. A major part of the ACA includes insurance reforms designed to make adequate and affordable health insurance accessible to nearly everyone. Five years after the ACA became law, and 1 year after major insurance reforms took effect, we discuss in this article the gains that have been made and the road ahead, with a focus on individuals with diabetes. This article is focused solely on changes in insurance plans and does not address the many other provisions in the massive ACA that affect people with diabetes, including the establishment of the National Diabetes Prevention Program, the Prevention and Public Health Fund, or menu labeling requirements.
Under the old health care system, it was legal in most states to deny health insurance to people with diabetes or require them to pay more for insurance coverage simply because they had diabetes. Even for people who had insurance coverage, their plans did not necessarily cover the most basic diabetes needs, leaving them with large out-of-pocket expenses in addition to the cost of insurance. Without access to affordable care, some people with diabetes went without the care they needed by cutting back on—or even forgoing—the doctor visits, medicines, education, and testing supplies necessary to adequately manage diabetes. As a result, many people developed complications of diabetes that could have been prevented had affordable care been available to them. People with diabetes who had affordable coverage through their employer feared (and rightfully so) there would be few insurance options available to them if they left their job and did not start immediately at another job that offered good health coverage benefits.
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) fought hard to ensure that health care reform would benefit people with and at risk for developing diabetes. Diabetes Advocates from around the country visited with their elected officials to share their stories about how important it was for Congress to end the discrimination that prevented people with diabetes from protecting their health.
The ACA changed the health insurance landscape through numerous new insurance protections that improved access to coverage for people with diabetes, as well as the quality of that coverage. Since the ACA passed in 2010, ADA has made great progress in ensuring that the law is implemented in a way that will benefit people with or at risk for developing diabetes and that these individuals are aware of the numerous improvements made by the law. Some of the health insurance improvements and advocacy victories include:
Health plans cannot deny people coverage or charge them more because they have diabetes or any other preexisting condition.
Plans cannot have annual or lifetime dollar limits on essential health benefits. The amount of cost-sharing that individuals and families pay for their care each year is limited.A Health Insurance Marketplace (Marketplace) is available in every state, through which individuals and families can shop for and buy health insurance. Marketplace plans are separated into four categories: Bronze, Silver, Gold, and Platinum. Moving from Bronze to Platinum, in general, out-of-pocket costs decrease and premiums tend to increase. People who meet income requirements qualify for assistance in paying their Marketplace plan premiums (through a tax credit) and may qualify for other assistance to lower their out-of-pocket costs when they access care.
Plans and issuers that offer dependent coverage are required to make the coverage available until adult children reach the age of 26.
A minimum set of essential health benefits (EHBs) such as hospitalization, prescription drugs, chronic disease management, and preventive services must be covered in most individual and small-group plans, including all plans sold in the state Marketplaces.
All plans must provide a plain-language summary (called a Summary of Benefits and Coverage [SBC]) of its benefits to help people better understand its coverage and compare plans.
Most plans must provide coverage of numerous preventive services without a copayment if the services are obtained through an in-network provider.
The Medicare “donut hole” (a coverage gap in many Medicare Part D prescription drug plans that used to make beneficiaries responsible for 100% of the cost of their drugs above an initial coverage limit but less than the amount needed to trigger “catastrophic” coverage) is gradually closing and will no longer exist in 2020.
Medicaid eligibility was extended to all Americans earning up to 138% of the federal poverty level (FPL; $16,243 for individuals and $33,465 for families of four in 2015), although, as a result of a 2012 Supreme Court ruling, this extension is optional for states. Currently, 30 states and the District of Columbia have expanded Medicaid.
Most Marketplace enrollees are receiving financial help to pay for their coverage. In the open enrollment process for 2015, 87% of Marketplace consumers who enrolled in coverage in the 37 states using the healthcare.gov platform qualified for premium tax credits, and 60% were eligible for cost-sharing reductions (2). Among individuals who qualified, average monthly premiums would have been $364; however, after the premium tax credits, monthly premiums averaged $101 (2).
In addition to requiring Marketplace plans to provide a plain-language SBC to help consumers shop for and compare plans, all Marketplaces must have some form of Assister program to help consumers understand their options and enroll. One type of Assister, called Navigators, not only are available to help consumers enroll in plans, but are also required to provide outreach and education to raise awareness about the Marketplaces. According to a 2014 survey of Marketplace Assister programs, during the first Marketplace open enrollment period in 2013/2014, >4,400 Assister programs helped an estimated 10.6 million people (3). To support the work of Assisters, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has created and distributed consumer education tools in multiple languages, including a toolkit to help people with new health coverage understand their benefits and connect to primary care and the preventive services that are right for them (4).
The ACA has also ensured that the millions of people who have enrolled in a plan through the Marketplaces have access to benefits and services that meet their health care needs. ADA has been working to ensure that each state’s package of EHBs offers comprehensive coverage to meet the health care needs of individuals with or at risk for diabetes and that plans’ benefit provisions do not discriminate against people with diabetes. ADA research has shown that, in addition to the required categories of benefits such as physician office visits and prescription drugs, EHBs in at least 44 states include coverage for diabetes self-management education, and at least 28 states include coverage for medical nutrition therapy.
The ACA also enabled low-income individuals to gain health care coverage through Medicaid. The impact of Medicaid expansion varies in each state, depending on the state’s previous Medicaid eligibility rules. Research conducted by the RAND Corporation estimates that, between 2013 and 2015, 9.6 million Americans gained coverage through the Medicaid program (5). According to a report from the White House, in states that have already expanded their Medicaid programs, 1 million people have gained a regular source of primary care; beneficiaries are able to make an additional 11.6 million physician office visits each year; and 5,000 deaths per year can be avoided (6).
In addition to opening up new avenues for people to purchase and enroll in health insurance, the ACA also made changes improving the affordability and coverage options for all types of health insurance. For example, the ACA requires health insurance companies to spend at least 80% of the premiums they receive on health care coverage and quality improvement activities. If a company does not meet this requirement, it must pay money back to the plan enrollees. As a result of this rule, health insurers were required to pay back >$330 million in 2013, which averaged a rebate of ∼$80 per covered family (7). In addition, as a result of the ACA, ∼137 million Americans have health insurance coverage without cost-sharing for certain preventive services (8). Finally, the ACA has decreased the burden of the Medicare “donut hole”; Medicare beneficiaries with high prescription drug costs that put them in the coverage gap got a 55% discount on covered brand-name drugs and a 35% discount on generic drugs while in the gap in 2015. Additional savings will occur each year for beneficiaries in the gap until 2020, when the coverage gap will no longer exist. According to HHS, since ACA passage in 2010, 9.4 million Medicare beneficiaries have saved >$15 billion on prescription drug costs (9). In 2014, 5.1 million beneficiaries saved $4.8 billion, or an average savings of $941 per beneficiary that year.
Despite the strides made with the ACA, health insurance still is not yet accessible to all Americans. As a result of the 2012 Supreme Court ruling that made the ACA’s Medicaid expansion provision optional for states, 20 states have not expanded their Medicaid programs, leaving many low-income, uninsured adults without an affordable option for health insurance. Overall, states implementing Medicaid expansion saw enrollment increase by >26%, whereas states that did not expand had enrollment increases of just under 8% (10). States expanding their Medicaid program have seen a 23% increase in the number of Medicaid enrollees with newly identified diabetes, compared to an increase of only 0.4% in states that did not expand Medicaid (11).
Unfortunately, this gap in affordable coverage options affects those at highest risk for developing diabetes. In general, people with diabetes are disproportionately covered by Medicaid (14). In addition, nationally, African Americans comprise just over 20% of Medicaid enrollees, and Latinos comprise 30% (15). According to the Urban Institute, African Americans disproportionately live in states that have not expanded their Medicaid programs (16). If all states were to expand their Medicaid programs, 41% of uninsured adults of color would likely be eligible, including almost 1 million uninsured black adults and almost 900,000 uninsured Hispanic adults (13).
Medicaid expansion made available through the ACA offers the promise of significantly reducing disparities in access to care and health status. Despite a large amount of data and information confirming the positive impact Medicaid expansion can have on the health of low-income individuals, as well as on the fiscal health of a state (17–20), 20 states still have not expanded their Medicaid programs to ensure that all residents have access to affordable health care coverage. Encouraging the remaining states to do so remains a top ADA priority.
Tax credits to purchase health insurance in the Marketplace are available to individuals who lack affordable employer health insurance. When determining whether an employer’s coverage is “affordable,” what an employee pays for the lowest-cost, self-only coverage is considered—not what that employee pays for family coverage. If the employee’s share of the monthly premium for self-only coverage is even if the cost of including a spouse or other family members results in insurance costing >9.56% of the family’s income.
Because family coverage often costs much more than self-only coverage, some low- to moderate-income families may not be eligible for financial help to buy health insurance in the Marketplaces even if coverage is not otherwise affordable to them. This situation is referred to as the “family glitch.” Although many children in these families are eligible for coverage through Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), spouses and some children in such families do not have access to affordable health insurance (21). Estimates of the number of spouses and children affected by this vary from 2 to 4 million (21).
Eliminating the family glitch will help ensure that all members of low- to moderate-income families have access to affordable health insurance. Determining whether employer coverage is affordable for all members of a family using the cost of covering the whole family—as opposed to the cost of covering just one person—is more representative of the reality faced by many families. Making this change could help millions more people access help to pay for health insurance coverage through the Marketplaces.
Despite strides toward decreasing the number of individuals without affordable and adequate health insurance since the ACA passed, gaps in knowledge about the ACA and its opportunities and requirements persist. According to a March 2015 Kaiser tracking poll, about one-third of respondents were unaware that the ACA created Health Insurance Marketplaces or that financial assistance was available to low- and moderate-income Americans who do not get insurance through their jobs (22).
In states running their own Marketplaces or partnering with the federal government to run them, there were about twice as many Assisters available per uninsured person than in states with Marketplaces fully implemented and run by the federal government alone (3). In a recent survey on the experiences of ACA-funded Assister programs in 13 states, >80% of Assister programs surveyed reported that most or nearly all consumers who sought help did not understand the ACA or the coverage choices available or lacked confidence to apply for coverage on their own (23). At the end of the open enrollment period, demand for Assisters sometimes exceeded supply, with some Assisters reporting that they had to turn people away.
In addition to building awareness about the Marketplaces and the ACA, more education is needed on health insurance generally, particularly for individuals who are new to health insurance coverage. According to the survey of Assister programs, there is a lack of health insurance literacy among consumers who seek help from the programs, particularly for Marketplace consumers who have no experience with private health insurance (23). Lack of understanding of common health insurance terms can confound the process of selecting a plan that adequately meets a person’s needs and can mean that coverage is not used effectively once a person is enrolled. However, improving health insurance literacy can only be effective if individuals shopping for health insurance have access to all the information they need to make an informed decision.
Further lowering of the uninsurance rate will require additional public education about the ACA and the new ways individuals can access coverage, especially in areas and within populations that may not have fully benefited from previous outreach efforts. According to Nadine Gracia of the HHS Office of Minority Health, a lesson from the first open enrollment period in the Marketplaces was that outreach and education must be tailored to reach minority communities (24). Groups experienced in working with the Asian-American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander populations made recommendations to address barriers and challenges faced by these groups during the first open enrollment (25). These recommendations included improving training for Marketplace call center operators, interpreters, Navigators, and other enrollment Assisters to better serve consumers with low English proficiency (LEP) and immigrants; creating more useful translated resources and in-language tools; and making call centers more accessible to LEP consumers and Assisters. Heeding this advice, HHS provided dedicated funding to 13 organizations to support enrollment of racial and ethnic minorities in coverage during the second Marketplace open enrollment period (24).
Marketplace outreach and enrollment efforts should continue to include health insurance literacy as a focus. These efforts, combined with additional tools to improve health plan transparency, will help consumers gain a better understanding of health insurance and how to select and use a health coverage plan. In addition, continued and stable funding for in-person assistance will remain important to support consumers of all races and ethnicities, help increase health insurance literacy, and increase enrollment through the Marketplaces.
Although the outreach efforts described above have been positive steps in the right direction, more needs to be done to ensure that all consumers, including racial and ethnic minorities, fully understand their options and are able to make informed choices regarding their coverage. Despite the ACA’s requirement that plans provide a plain-language SBC, consumers still want more information to help them select a plan. According to a National Health Council survey of consumers with chronic health conditions, consumers had difficulty finding information on plan deductibles, copayments, covered medications, and participating providers (26). Specifically, nearly one-third of respondents said they had to change doctors because their doctor was not in the plan they chose, and more than one-fourth reported having to change a medication because it was not covered by the plan they chose (26).
It is still difficult for some consumers to get the full picture of coverage available in the Marketplaces and to estimate their potential out-of-pocketcosts. Consumer decision support tools such as out-of pocket cost estimators and searchable drug lists will help to ensure that individuals can put to use their newly gained health insurance literacy skills to shop for a plan that best meets their needs.
As previously mentioned, insurers are now prohibited from denying health insurance or charging a person higher premiums because of a preexisting condition, which has improved access to care. In addition, the ACA rules have helped low- and moderate-income individuals and families afford their monthly health insurance premiums through premium tax credits and reduce their annual cost-sharing requirements. Plus, there are annual caps on out-of-pocket expenses, insurance cannot be cut off when an annual or lifetime expense limit has been reached, and some preventive services are free to consumers.
However, premiums are not the only factor contributing to health insurance expenses, and health plans have some leeway in applying the cost-sharing reductions. Specifically, to apply cost-sharing reductions, insurers must first lower the plan’s out-of-pocket maximum amounts and then, if needed, can make other reductions to the deductible, copayments, or coinsurance amounts for various benefits. Thus, some consumers who are eligible for cost-sharing reductions could still face high deductibles or high cost-sharing for particular benefits. For example, the previously mentioned survey of ACA-funded Assister programs showed some consumers continue to face challenges with access to affordable prescription drugs and high deductibles for Marketplace plans (23). An analysis of 2015 Marketplace plans in nearly all states found the nationwide average deductible in 2015 ranged from $5,203 for Bronze plans to $552 for Platinum plans, although average deductibles among states vary (27). High deductibles can impede access to health care for those who have regular ongoing care needs, such as people with diabetes and other chronic conditions (28).
Although improved consumer health literacy combined with increased health plan transparency will go a long way to ensure that consumers are enrolled in a health plan that best suits their needs (e.g., people with a chronic condition such as diabetes are usually better off with a low-deductible plan), some adjustments still can be made to help improve the affordability of Marketplace plans. For example, states can develop a standard benefit design with lower up-front cost-sharing requirements that all plans sold on the Marketplace in their state must follow. Several states have adopted this approach to help keep cost-sharing more affordable for Marketplace enrollees (29).
Section 1332 of the ACA, known as the State Innovation Waivers provision (not to be confused with Medicaid waivers), invites states to tailor implementation of certain ACA policies and to find alternative delivery models while staying within the fiscal constraints established by the ACA. These waivers begin in 2017 (30).
The State Innovation Waivers permit states to submit plans modifying their health insurance Marketplace, premium tax credits or cost-sharing reduction subsidies, and the requirements for large employers to offer health coverage and for most individuals to have health coverage. However, this is not a blank check for states. To exercise this option, states must continue enforcing nondiscrimination statutes, such as prohibiting carriers from denying coverage or increasing premiums based on preexisting conditions. Any alternative plans must meet four criteria:
Coverage must be equal to or better than that of the existing Marketplace.Affordability regarding premiums and cost-sharing charges must be comparable to those in the existing Marketplace.
Comparable enrollment must be ensured; any changes must maintain or increase the number of insured individuals in the state.
The plan must remain budget-neutral to the federal government for 10 years.Under this provision, CHIP and Medicaid are nonnegotiable; therefore, any proposed changes to these programs would require a Section 1115 Medicaid waiver.
Although this ability to tailor health insurance reform to each state’s health care environment may be an attractive alternative for some states, advocates must closely monitor these efforts to ensure that they do not undermine the progress made since the ACA was enacted.
Although the ACA dramatically improved the health care landscape, there is work to be done to ensure that the momentum continues and the law’s potential is fully realized. Health care professionals, as patient advocates, are encouraged to join the American Diabetes Association in its advocacy efforts to ensure that individuals with or at risk for diabetes have access to adequate and affordable health insurance so they can obtain all of the services, supplies, and support needed to prevent or manage the disease. Take the first step by signing up to be a Diabetes Advocate at www.diabetes.org/advocate. You will receive advocacy updates and alerts providing information about pending issues and assistance in creating and delivering timely messages to your elected officials.
No potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.
1. Gallop In U.S., uninsured rate dips to 11.9% in first quarter . Available from http://www.gallup.com/poll/182348/uninsured-rate-dips-first-quarter.aspx. Accessed 30 June 2015
2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation . Health insurance marketplaces 2015 open enrollment period: March enrollment report. 10 March 2015. Available from http://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/83656/ib_2015mar_enrollment.pdf. Accessed 30 June 2015
3. Pollitz K, Tolbert J, Ma R. Survey of health insurance marketplace assister programs . Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. 15 July 2014. Available from http://kff.org/health-reform/report/survey-of-health-insurance-marketplace-assister-programs. Accessed 30 June 2015
4. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services From coverage to care . Available from https://marketplace.cms.gov/technical-assistance-resources/c2c.html. Accessed 30 June 2015 [PubMed]
5. Carman KG, Eibner C, Paddock SM. Trends in health insurance enrollment, 2013–15 . Health Aff (Millwood) 2015; 34 :1044–1048 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
6. Executive Office of the President of the United States Missed Opportunities: The Consequences of State Decisions Not to Expand Medicaid . Updated June 2015. Available from https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/medicaidmissedopportunities2015_final_v3.pdf. Accessed 30 June 2015
7. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation Total medical loss ratio (MLR) rebates in all markets for consumers and families, 2013 . Available from http://kff.org/health-reform/state-indicator/mlr-rebates-total. Accessed 30 June 2015
8. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation . The Affordable Care Act is improving access to preventive services for millions of Americans. Available from http://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/83176/The%20Affordable%20Care%20Act%20is%20Improving%20Access%20to%20Preventive%20Services%20for%20Millions%20of%20Americans.pdf. Accessed 30 June 2015
9. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Since 2010, 9.4 million people with Medicare have saved over $15 billion on prescription drugs . Available from http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2015pres/02/20150224a.html. Accessed 30 June 2015
10. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Medicaid & CHIP: January 2015 Monthly Applications, Eligibility Determinations and Enrollment Report .20 March 2015. Available from http://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid-chip-program-information/program-information/downloads/medicaid-and-chip-january-2015-application-eligibility-and-enrollment-data.pdf. Accessed 30 June 2015
11. Kaufman HW, Chen Z, Fonseca VA, McPhaul MJ. Surge in newly identified diabetes among Medicaid patients in 2014 within Medicaid expansion states under the Affordable Care Act . Diabetes Care 2015; 38 :833–837 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
12. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services State Medicaid & CHIP Profiles, April 2015 . Available from http://www.medicaid.gov/Medicaid-CHIP-Program-Information/By-State/By-State.html. Accessed 30 June 2015
13. Artiga S, Stephens J. The impact of the coverage gap in states not expanding Medicaid by race and ethnicity . Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. October 2015. Available from http://kff.org/disparities-policy/issue-brief/the-impact-of-the-coverage-gap-in-states-not-expanding-medicaid-by-race-and-ethnicity. Accessed 30 June 2015
14. Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured The role of Medicaid for people with diabetes. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. November 2012 . Available from http://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/8383_d.pdf. Accessed 30 June 2015
15. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation Distribution of the nonelderly with Medicaid by race/ethnicity, 2013 . Available from http://kff.org/medicaid/state-indicator/distribution-by-raceethnicity-4. Accessed 30 June 2015
16. Clemans-Cope L, Buettgens M, Recht H. Racial/ethnic differences in uninsurance rates under the ACA: are differences in uninsurance rates projected to narrow? Urban Institute. December 2014. Available from http://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/alfresco/publication-pdfs/2000046-Racial-Ethnic-Differences-in-Uninsurance-Rates-under-the-ACA.pdf. Accessed 30 June 2015.
17. Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured What is Medicaid’s impact on access to care, health outcomes, and quality of care? Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. August 2013. Available from https://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/8467-what-is-medicaids-impact-on-access-to-care1.pdf. Accessed 30 June 2015.
18. Baicker K, Taubman SL, Allen HL, et al.. The Oregon experiment: effects of Medicaid on clinical outcomes . N Engl J Med 2013; 368 :1713–1722 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
19. Bachrach D, Boozang P, Glanz D. States expanding Medicaid see significant budget savings and revenue growth . State Health Reform Assistance Network. April 2015. Available from http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/issue_briefs/2015/rwjf419097. Accessed 30 June 2015
20. Congressional Budget Office Updated estimates of the effects of the insurance coverage provisions of the Affordable Care Act . Available from http://cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/45231-ACA_Estimates.pdf. Accessed 30 June 2015
21. Brooks T. Health Policy Brief: The family glitch .Health Aff. 10 November 2014. Available from http://healthaffairs.org/healthpolicybriefs/brief_pdfs/healthpolicybrief_129.pdf. Accessed 30 June 2015
22. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation Kaiser health tracking poll, March 2015 . Available from http://kff.org/health-costs/poll-finding/kaiser-health-tracking-poll-march-2015. Accessed 30 June 2015
23. Corlette S, Ahn S, Volk J. Before and after the Affordable Care Act: consumers’ coverage experience through the eyes of state consumer assistance programs. April 2015 . Georgetown University Health Policy Institute. Georgetown University; Available from http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/issue_briefs/2015/rwjf419323. Accessed 30 June 2015 [Google Scholar]
24. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Office of Minority Health. Partnering for health equity in minority communities . Available from http://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/Blog/BlogPost.aspx?BlogID=24. Accessed 30 June 2015
25. Asian & Pacific Islander American Health Forum, Association of Asian Pacific Community Health Organizations, Asian Americans Advancing Justice Improving the road to ACA coverage: policy recommendations for enrollment success . Available from http://www.apiahf.org/sites/default/files/2014.09.29_Improving%20the%20Road%20to%20ACA%20Coverage_Policy%20Brief.pdf. Accessed 30 June 2015
26. National Health Council Measuring the patient experience in exchanges . Available from http://www.nationalhealthcouncil.org/sites/default/files/Measuring-Patient-Experience-in-Exchanges.pdf. Accessed 30 June 2015
27. Gabel JR, Whitmore H, Stromberg S, et al.. Analysis finds no nationwide increase in health insurance marketplace premiums . The Commonwealth Fund. 22 December 2014. Available from http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/blog/2014/dec/zero-inflation-nationwide-for-marketplace-premiums. Accessed 30 June 2015
29. Mitts L. Standardized health plans: promoting plans with affordable upfront out-of-pocket costs . Families USA. December 2014. Available from http://familiesusa.org/product/standardized-health-plans-promoting-plans-affordable-upfront-out-pocket-costs. Accessed 30 June 2015
30. Bachrach D, Ario J, Davis H. Innovation waivers: an opportunity for states to pursue their own brand of health reform . The Commonwealth Fund. April 2015. Available from http://www.commonwealthfund.org/∼/media/files/publications/issue-brief/2015/apr/1811_bachrach_innovation_waivers_rb_v2.pdf. Accessed 30 June 2015 [PubMed]
Articles from Clinical Diabetes : A Publication of the American Diabetes Association are provided here courtesy of American Diabetes Association